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- $Unique_ID{BRK03788}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Graves' Disease}
- $Subject{Graves' Disease Basedow Disease Parry Disease Exophthalmic Goiter
- Hashimoto's Thyroiditis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 560:
- Graves' Disease
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Graves Disease) is not
- the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Basedow Disease
- Parry Disease
- Exophthalmic Goiter
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Graves' Disease is a disease affecting the thyroid gland. It is thought
- to occur as a result of an imbalance in the immune system. This disorder
- causes increased thyroid secretion (hyperthyroidism), enlargement of the
- thyroid gland (goiter) and protrusion of the eyeballs.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Graves' Disease include eyes that bulge from the head, producing
- a characteristic startled appearance. Development of an enlarged thyroid
- gland (goiter) and increased thyroid secretion (hyperthyroidism) also occurs.
- This in turn may result in swelling of the legs and eyes, extreme sensitivity
- to light, irregular heart beat, clubbing of the fingers, and the development
- of breasts in males (gynecomastia). It may also cause heat intolerance,
- emotional instability, weight loss or hyperactivity. Symptoms may occur as a
- single incident, and then go into remission, or recurrent attacks may occur.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Graves' Disease is not known. It is thought to be
- inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. (Human traits including the
- classic genetic diseases, are the product of the interaction of two genes for
- that condition, one received from the father and one from the mother. In
- recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a person inherits
- the same defective gene from each parent. If one receives one normal gene
- and one gene for the disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease,
- but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to
- the children of a couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder,
- is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers,
- but healthy as described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will
- receive both normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically
- normal.) Graves' Disease may also be a disease of the autoimmune system.
- (Autoimmune disorders are caused when the body's natural defenses
- (antibodies) against invading organisms suddenly begin to attack perfectly
- healthy tissue). Excessive levels of thyroid hormone cause the symptoms of
- Graves' Disease.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Graves' Disease is a rare condition affecting females more often than males.
- It can occur at any age and in almost any part of the world. A 1987 survey
- of 924 hyperthyroid patients from 17 thyroid centers in six European
- countries indicated that sixty percent of hyperthyroid patients have Graves'
- Disease.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Graves'
- Disease. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Hashimoto's Thyroiditis or Lymphoid Thyroiditis is believed to be an
- autoimmune disorder which can destroy the thyroid gland and produce below
- normal amounts of thyroid hormone secretion (hypothyroidism). Some
- individuals appear to have both Hashimoto's Disease and Graves' Disease at
- the same time. Hashimoto's Disease can occur at any age but is most common
- in the third to fifth decades of life, and is more common in women than men.
- It is characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland that is infiltrated with
- lymphocytes. Eventually, the thyroid may be completely destroyed. Treatment
- with drugs to reduce antithyroid antibody formation is the treatment of
- choice.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Graves' Disease in adults usually involves the use of
- radioactive iodine. However, in children and pregnant women, drugs that
- reduce release of thyroid hormone are preferred. Antithyroid drugs are
- usually either propylthiouracil or methimazole. In patients that need
- further drug treatment to control the release of thyroid hormone, scientists
- suggest the use of thyroxine alone or in conjunction with other drug therapy.
- Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families. Other
- treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Surgery as a method of treatment for Graves' Disease is usually reserved
- for patients in whom the other forms of treatment have not been successful.
- Lifelong follow-up is necessary if the thyroid is removed.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Clinical trials are underway to study the myocardial 31-phosphate imaging in
- hyperthroidism. Interested persons may wish to contact:
-
- Paul W. Ladenson, M.D.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Blalock 904
- 600 N. Wolfe St.
- Baltimore, MD 21205
- (301) 955-3663
-
- to see if further patients are needed for this research.
-
- Clinical trials are underway to study the physiologic determinants of
- exercise capacity in hyperthyroidism. Interested persons may wish to
- contact:
-
- Wade Martin
- Washington University School of Medicine
- 4566 Scott Ave., Campus Box 8113
- St. Louis, MO 63110
- (314) 362-2392
-
- to see if further patients are needed for this research.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Graves' Disease, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Graves Disease Foundation
- P.O. Box 130
- Mentone, AL 35984
-
- National Graves Disease Foundation
- 320 Arlington Rd.
- Jacksonville, FL 32211
- (904) 724-6744
-
- The Thyroid Foundation of America, Inc.
- Massachusetts General Hospital, ACC 630
- Boston, MA 02114
-
- American Thyroid Association
- Endocrine/Metabolic Service 7D
- Washington, DC 20307
- 800-542-20207
-
- The Thyroid Foundation of Canada
- CD/Box 1597
- Kingston, Ontario
- Canada K71 5C8
-
- The Paget's Disease Foundation
- (and other diseases of bone resorption)
- 200 Varick St., Suite 1004
- New York, NY 10014-4810
- (212) 229-1582
- (800) 23-PAGET
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6344
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 7th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. Pp. 1280.
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown
- and Co., 1987. Pp. 1927-1931, 2302.
-
- GRAVES' DISEASE. MANIFESTATIONS AND THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS. K. F.
- McFarland, et al.; Postgrad Med, (March, 1988, issue 83 (4)). Pp. 275-282.
-
- HIGH SERUM PROGESTERONE IN HYPERTHYROID MEN WITH GRAVES' DISEASE. K.
- Nomura, et al.; J Clin Endocrinol Metab (January, 1988, issue 66 (1)). Pp.
- 230-232.
-
- GRAVES' DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH HISTOLOGIC HASHIMOTO'S THYROIDITIS. S.A.
- Falk, et al.; Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg (February, 1985, issue 93(1)). Pp.
- 86-91.
-
- ADMINISTRATION OF THYROXINE IN TREATED GRAVES' DISEASE: EFFECTS ON THE
- LEVEL OF ANTIBODIES TO THYROID-STIMULATION HORMONE RECEPTORS AND ON THE RISK
- OF REOCCURRENCE OF HYPERTHYROIDISM. K. Hashizume, et al., N Eng J Med,
- (April 4, 1991, issue 324). Pp. 947-953.
-
- TREATMENT FOR GRAVES' DISEASE; TELLING THE THYROID TO REST., P.W.
- Ladenson, N. Eng J Med, (April 4, 1991, issue 324). Pp. 989-900.
-
-